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second-order ionization

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  • Ionization — is the physical process of converting an atom or molecule into an ion by adding or removing charged particles such as electrons or other ions.This process works slightly differently depending on whether an ion with a positive or a negative… …   Wikipedia

  • Chemical ionization — (CI) is an ionization technique used in mass spectrometry.[1][2][3] Chemical ionization is a lower energy process than electron ionization. The lower energy yields less fragmentation, and usually a simpler spectrum. A typical CI spectra has an… …   Wikipedia

  • International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment — The International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (or MICE) is a high energy physics experiment dedicated to observing ionization cooling of muons for the first time. This is a process where by the beam emittance of a beam is reduced in order… …   Wikipedia

  • Rydberg Ionization Spectroscopy — Rydberg statesAtoms and molecules have ionization energy thresholds associated with the energy required to remove an electron from the ionic core. (The Rydberg formula describes the energy level series of a Rydberg atom.) Rydberg series describe… …   Wikipedia

  • Stark effect — The Stark effect is the shifting and splitting of spectral lines of atoms and molecules due to the presence of an external static electric field. The amount of splitting and or shifting is called the Stark splitting or Stark shift. In general one …   Wikipedia

  • Eigenvalue, eigenvector and eigenspace — In mathematics, given a linear transformation, an Audio|De eigenvector.ogg|eigenvector of that linear transformation is a nonzero vector which, when that transformation is applied to it, changes in length, but not direction. For each eigenvector… …   Wikipedia

  • Phase transition — This diagram shows the nomenclature for the different phase transitions. A phase transition is the transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase or state of matter to another. A phase of a thermodynamic system and the states of matter… …   Wikipedia

  • London dispersion force — Interaction energy of argon dimer. The long range part is due to London dispersion forces London dispersion forces (LDF, also known as dispersion forces, London forces, instantaneous dipole–induced dipole forces) is a type of force acting between …   Wikipedia

  • Eigenvalues and eigenvectors — For more specific information regarding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices, see Eigendecomposition of a matrix. In this shear mapping the red arrow changes direction but the blue arrow does not. Therefore the blue arrow is an… …   Wikipedia

  • chemical element — Introduction also called  element,         any substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes. Elements are the fundamental materials of which all matter is composed.       This article considers the… …   Universalium

  • The Dark Energy Survey — DES logo The Dark Energy Survey (DES) is a survey that aims to probe the dynamics of the expansion of the universe and the growth of large scale structure. The collaboration is composed of research institutes and universities from United… …   Wikipedia

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